While criminal charges in Queensland mostly arise from state legislation, Commonwealth offences are becoming increasingly common and can attract serious penalties.
As Australia is a federation with multiple levels of government, there are separate laws in each state and territory related to criminal charges. There are also laws and criminal offences created by Federal Parliament which apply throughout all of Australia. The offences that fall within the responsibility of Federal Parliament are Commonwealth criminal charges.
If you are charged with a Commonwealth offence, your matter will not be heard in the Federal Court. This is because State courts have the jurisdiction to hear criminal matters, including Commonwealth criminal matters. Therefore, your matter will proceed through the court process of the State in which you were charged.
For example, if you are charged in Queensland with a Commonwealth offence that is to be dealt with on indictment, your matter will proceed through the committal process in the Magistrates Court of Queensland and then an indictment will be presented in the District or Supreme Court of Queensland. If the matter proceeds to trial, a jury trial will occur, as would be the case if the matter involved a State criminal charge.
State laws regarding procedure and evidence generally apply in Commonwealth prosecutions. This means that proceedings for Commonwealth charges proceed through the courts in the manner that the State determines, which is usually the same process adopted for State-based criminal charges.
While the courts which deal with both State and Commonwealth criminal offences are the same, there are significant differences in the investigation and prosecution stages for State and Commonwealth offences. This includes the following:
With Commonwealth offences, as a general rule, an offence consists of ‘physical elements’ and ‘fault elements’. You may also hear of these concepts as the actus reus and mens rea.
These are the essential ingredients of liability for an offence and generally must be proven by the prosecution to establish an accused’s guilt for an offence.
With Commonwealth offences, this can be a complicated issue. As a starting point, unless expressly stated otherwise, each physical element has an attached fault element. The fault element will often be clear from the wording of the offence provision, however, on occasions, this is not the case. If the fault element is not specified in the offence, the fault element is stipulated by the relevant legislation.
In order to determine the fault element, the type of physical element must be considered. A physical element may be:
Fault elements under the Commonwealth Criminal Code may be either:
The level of culpability may be quite different depending on the applicable fault element. For example, intention is usually the fault element which involves the highest degree of culpability, and therefore attracts the most severe penalties.
Due to the complexity of the legislation that governs criminal responsibility for Commonwealth offences, determining the relevant elements of an offence can itself be a difficult task. This is where the expertise of a criminal lawyer with specific experience in Commonwealth matters is vital.
If you are charged with a Commonwealth offence, we recommend you contact an experienced criminal lawyer with expertise in acting for accused persons in Commonwealth offences.
This article is co-authored by Callan Lloyd, Director Gilshenan & Luton and Eleanor Lynch, (soon to be) Barrister at law (former Associate at Gilshenan & Luton).
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This article is of a general nature and should not be relied upon as legal advice. If you require further information, advice or assistance for your specific circumstances, please contact Gilshenan & Luton, Criminal & Employment Lawyers Brisbane and Sunshine Coast, Queensland.